A measure of the mineral content and structural strength of bone, used to diagnose osteopenia (low bone mass) and osteoporosis (significantly reduced bone density with increased fracture risk).
Peak bone density is achieved by age 30, after which bone mass gradually declines. Hormonal changes — especially declining estrogen and testosterone — accelerate bone loss. Risk factors include family history, small frame, smoking, excessive alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, and certain medications. Hormone optimization, weight-bearing exercise, and targeted nutrition support bone health.
Postmenopausal women, men over 50, patients with fracture history, those on long-term corticosteroids, or anyone with risk factors for osteoporosis.
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